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The first commercial sugarcane plantation was started at Koloa in 1835. However, it was with the development of an extensive irrigation system at the Lihue plantation, which included a 16-km long irrigation ditch and tunnel system, that it became commercially successful. Soon others followed due in part to the reciprocity treaty of 1876 between the kingdom and the USA, which allowed for duty-free export of sugar, leading to a rapid expansion in sugarcane production throughout the island chain. By 1932 production had grown to 1 million tons. On Kauai alone there were over 28000 hectares dedicated to sugar with up to 9 major plantations operating across the island from the Hanalei river to the Mana plains on the west.